diff --git a/gimm_vfi_arch/generalizable_INR/modules/softsplat.py b/gimm_vfi_arch/generalizable_INR/modules/softsplat.py
index 415fc51..f8139d3 100644
--- a/gimm_vfi_arch/generalizable_INR/modules/softsplat.py
+++ b/gimm_vfi_arch/generalizable_INR/modules/softsplat.py
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
 # --------------------------------------------------------
 
 import collections
-import cupy
+try:
+    import cupy
+except ImportError:
+    cupy = None
 import os
 import re
 import torch
@@ -260,31 +263,75 @@ def cuda_kernel(strFunction: str, strKernel: str, objVariables: typing.Dict):
 # end
 
 
-@cupy.memoize(for_each_device=True)
+_cuda_launch_cache = {}
+
 @torch.compiler.disable()
 def cuda_launch(strKey: str):
-    try:
-        os.environ.setdefault("CUDA_HOME", cupy.cuda.get_cuda_path())
-    except Exception:
-        if "CUDA_HOME" not in os.environ:
-            raise RuntimeError("'CUDA_HOME' not set, unable to find cuda-toolkit installation.")
-    
-    strKernel = objCudacache[strKey]["strKernel"]
-    strFunction = objCudacache[strKey]["strFunction"]
-    
-    return cupy.RawModule(
-        code=strKernel,
-        options=(
-            "-I " + os.environ["CUDA_HOME"],
-            "-I " + os.environ["CUDA_HOME"] + "/include",
-        ),
-    ).get_function(strFunction)
+    if strKey not in _cuda_launch_cache:
+        try:
+            os.environ.setdefault("CUDA_HOME", cupy.cuda.get_cuda_path())
+        except Exception:
+            if "CUDA_HOME" not in os.environ:
+                raise RuntimeError("'CUDA_HOME' not set, unable to find cuda-toolkit installation.")
+        strKernel = objCudacache[strKey]["strKernel"]
+        strFunction = objCudacache[strKey]["strFunction"]
+        _cuda_launch_cache[strKey] = cupy.RawModule(
+            code=strKernel,
+            options=(
+                "-I " + os.environ["CUDA_HOME"],
+                "-I " + os.environ["CUDA_HOME"] + "/include",
+            ),
+        ).get_function(strFunction)
+    return _cuda_launch_cache[strKey]
 
 
 
 ##########################################################
 
 
+def _pytorch_softsplat(tenIn, tenFlow):
+    """Pure-PyTorch forward warp via bilinear splatting (scatter_add)."""
+    B, C, H, W = tenIn.shape
+    tenOut = tenIn.new_zeros(B, C, H, W)
+
+    grid_y, grid_x = torch.meshgrid(
+        torch.arange(H, device=tenIn.device, dtype=tenIn.dtype),
+        torch.arange(W, device=tenIn.device, dtype=tenIn.dtype),
+        indexing='ij',
+    )
+
+    flt_x = grid_x.unsqueeze(0) + tenFlow[:, 0, :, :]
+    flt_y = grid_y.unsqueeze(0) + tenFlow[:, 1, :, :]
+
+    valid = torch.isfinite(flt_x) & torch.isfinite(flt_y)
+    flt_x = torch.where(valid, flt_x, torch.zeros_like(flt_x))
+    flt_y = torch.where(valid, flt_y, torch.zeros_like(flt_y))
+
+    nw_x = flt_x.floor().long()
+    nw_y = flt_y.floor().long()
+    frac_x = flt_x - nw_x.to(flt_x.dtype)
+    frac_y = flt_y - nw_y.to(flt_y.dtype)
+
+    w_nw = (1.0 - frac_x) * (1.0 - frac_y) * valid
+    w_ne = frac_x * (1.0 - frac_y) * valid
+    w_sw = (1.0 - frac_x) * frac_y * valid
+    w_se = frac_x * frac_y * valid
+
+    out_flat = tenOut.view(B, C, -1)
+
+    for dx, dy, w in [(0, 0, w_nw), (1, 0, w_ne), (0, 1, w_sw), (1, 1, w_se)]:
+        tx = nw_x + dx
+        ty = nw_y + dy
+        in_bounds = (tx >= 0) & (tx < W) & (ty >= 0) & (ty < H)
+        w_masked = w * in_bounds
+        idx = (ty.clamp(0, H - 1) * W + tx.clamp(0, W - 1))
+        idx = idx.unsqueeze(1).expand_as(tenIn)
+        weighted = tenIn * w_masked.unsqueeze(1)
+        out_flat.scatter_add_(2, idx.reshape(B, C, -1), weighted.reshape(B, C, -1))
+
+    return tenOut
+
+
 @torch.compiler.disable()
 def softsplat(tenIn, tenFlow, tenMetric, strMode, return_norm=False):
     assert strMode.split("-")[0] in ["sum", "avg", "linear", "softmax"]
@@ -366,7 +413,7 @@ class softsplat_func(torch.autograd.Function):
             [tenIn.shape[0], tenIn.shape[1], tenIn.shape[2], tenIn.shape[3]]
         )
 
-        if tenIn.is_cuda == True:
+        if tenIn.is_cuda and cupy is not None:
             cuda_launch(
                 cuda_kernel(
                     "softsplat_out",
@@ -439,8 +486,8 @@ class softsplat_func(torch.autograd.Function):
                 ),
             )
 
-        elif tenIn.is_cuda != True:
-            assert False
+        else:
+            tenOut = _pytorch_softsplat(tenIn, tenFlow)
 
         # end